diff --git a/.github/workflows/macos.yml b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
index 859cd30605..28a70be178 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/macos.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ on:
       - '**/CMakeLists.txt'
       - 'cmake/Modules/**'
       - 'po/**.po'
+      - 'util/ci/**'
       - '.github/workflows/macos.yml'
   pull_request:
     paths:
@@ -27,87 +28,93 @@ on:
       - '**/CMakeLists.txt'
       - 'cmake/Modules/**'
       - 'po/**.po'
+      - 'util/ci/**'
       - '.github/workflows/macos.yml'
 
 jobs:
-  build-intel-macos:
-    # use lowest possible macOS running on x86_64 supported by brew to support more users
-    runs-on: macos-13
+  build-older-macos:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        osver: [11.3]
+        xcodever: [16.2]
+        arch: ["x86_64"]
+        build_type: ["Debug"]
+        xcode: ["no"]
+        include:
+          - osver: 11.3
+            xcodever: 16.2
+            arch: "x86_64"
+            build_type: "Debug"
+            xcode: "no"
+          - osver: 11.3
+            xcodever: 16.2
+            arch: "arm64"
+            build_type: "Release"
+            xcode: "yes"
+    runs-on: macos-15
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Prepare environment
+        run: |
+          echo "REPDIR=$(pwd)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "osver=${{matrix.osver}}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "xcodever=${{matrix.xcodever}}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "arch=${{matrix.arch}}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "build_type=${{matrix.build_type}}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
       - name: Install deps
         run: |
+          mkdir downloads
           source ./util/ci/common.sh
-          install_macos_deps
+          source ./util/ci/macos_sdk.sh
+          install_macos_precompiled_deps $osver $arch
+          install_macos_sdk $osver "$xcodever" downloads
 
-      - name: Build
+      - name: Build with GNU Make
         run: |
           mkdir build
           cd build
-          cmake .. \
-            -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=13 \
-            -DCMAKE_FIND_FRAMEWORK=LAST \
-            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../build/macos/ \
-            -DRUN_IN_PLACE=FALSE -DENABLE_GETTEXT=TRUE \
-            -DINSTALL_DEVTEST=TRUE
-          cmake --build . -j$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
-          make install
+          export DEPS_DIR=/Users/Shared/macos${osver}_${arch}_deps
+          export USE_XCODE=no
+          ../util/ci/build_macos.sh
 
-      - name: Test
+      - name: Build and Archive with Xcode
+        if: ${{matrix.xcode == 'yes'}}
         run: |
+          mkdir build_xcode
+          cd build_xcode
+          export DEPS_DIR=/Users/Shared/macos${osver}_${arch}_deps
+          export USE_XCODE=yes
+          ../util/ci/build_macos.sh
+
+      - name: Test GNU Make build
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p "${HOME}/Library/Application Support/minetest/games/"
+          ln -s "${PWD}/games/devtest" "${HOME}/Library/Application Support/minetest/games/"
           ./build/macos/luanti.app/Contents/MacOS/luanti --run-unittests
 
+      - name: Test XCode build
+        if: ${{matrix.xcode == 'yes'}}
+        run: |
+          ./build_xcode/build/${build_type}/luanti.app/Contents/MacOS/luanti --run-unittests
+          ./build_xcode/luanti.xcarchive/Products/Applications/luanti.app/Contents/MacOS/luanti --run-unittests
+
+      - name: Diff Resources
+        if: ${{matrix.xcode == 'yes'}}
+        run: |
+          diff -rd ./build/macos/luanti.app/Contents/Resources ./build_xcode/build/${build_type}/luanti.app/Contents/Resources || exit 1
+          diff -rd ./build/macos/luanti.app/Contents/Resources ./build_xcode/luanti.xcarchive/Products/Applications/luanti.app/Contents/Resources || exit 1
       # Zipping the built .app preserves permissions on the contained files,
       #   which the GitHub artifact pipeline would otherwise strip away.
       - name: CPack
         run: |
           cd build
           rm -rf macos
-          cmake .. -DINSTALL_DEVTEST=FALSE
           cpack -G ZIP -B macos
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - name: Upload
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: luanti-macos
+          name: luanti-macos${{matrix.osver}}_${{matrix.arch}}
           path: ./build/macos/*.zip
-  build-arm-macos-xcode:
-    runs-on: macos-14
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install deps
-        run: |
-          source ./util/ci/common.sh
-          install_macos_deps
-          # brew jsoncpp do not include libjsoncpp.a, and if installed header conflict caused build failure
-          brew uninstall jsoncpp
-
-      - name: Build with Cmake
-        run: |
-          mkdir build
-          cd build
-          cmake .. \
-            -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=14 \
-            -DCMAKE_FIND_FRAMEWORK=LAST \
-            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../build/macos/ \
-            -DRUN_IN_PLACE=FALSE -DENABLE_GETTEXT=TRUE \
-            -DENABLE_SYSTEM_JSONCPP=OFF
-          cmake --build . -j$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
-          make install
-
-      - name: Build and Archive with Xcode
-        run: |
-          mkdir build_xcode
-          cd build_xcode
-          ../util/ci/build_xcode.sh
-
-      - name: Tests
-        run: |
-          mkdir -p "${HOME}/Library/Application Support/minetest/games/"
-          ln -s "${PWD}/games/devtest" "${HOME}/Library/Application Support/minetest/games/"
-          ./build/macos/luanti.app/Contents/MacOS/luanti --run-unittests
-          ./build_xcode/luanti.xcarchive/Products/Applications/luanti.app/Contents/MacOS/luanti --run-unittests
-
-      - name: Diff Resources
-        run: |
-          diff -rd ./build/macos/luanti.app/Contents/Resources ./build_xcode/build/Release/luanti.app/Contents/Resources || exit 1
-          diff -rd ./build/macos/luanti.app/Contents/Resources ./build_xcode/luanti.xcarchive/Products/Applications/luanti.app/Contents/Resources || exit 1
diff --git a/irr/include/WeightBuffer.h b/irr/include/WeightBuffer.h
index 073a73987b..2fa3230292 100644
--- a/irr/include/WeightBuffer.h
+++ b/irr/include/WeightBuffer.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace scene
 {
diff --git a/util/ci/build_macos.sh b/util/ci/build_macos.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1274fd6add
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/ci/build_macos.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#!/bin/bash -e
+
+sudo xcode-select -s /Applications/Xcode_${xcodever}.app/Contents/Developer
+sdkroot="$(realpath $(xcrun --sdk macosx --show-sdk-path)/../MacOSX${osver}.sdk)"
+export CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${DEPS_DIR}
+export SDKROOT="$sdkroot"
+
+THIS_DIR=$(pwd)
+
+# common args
+cmake_args=(
+	-DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=$osver
+	-DCMAKE_FIND_FRAMEWORK=LAST
+	-DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES=${arch}
+	-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${THIS_DIR}/macos/
+	-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${build_type}
+	-DCMAKE_FIND_FRAMEWORK=LAST
+	-DRUN_IN_PLACE=FALSE
+	-DENABLE_GETTEXT=TRUE
+	-DJPEG_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libjpeg.a
+	-DJPEG_INCLUDE_DIR=${DEPS_DIR}/include
+	-DPNG_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libpng.a
+	-DPNG_PNG_INCLUDE_DIR=${DEPS_DIR}/include
+	-DFREETYPE_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libfreetype.a
+	-DFREETYPE_INCLUDE_DIRS=${DEPS_DIR}/include/freetype2
+	-DGETTEXT_INCLUDE_DIR=${DEPS_DIR}/include
+	-DGETTEXT_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libintl.a
+	-DLUA_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libluajit-5.1.a
+	-DLUA_INCLUDE_DIR=${DEPS_DIR}/include/luajit-2.1
+	-DOGG_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libogg.a
+	-DOGG_INCLUDE_DIR=${DEPS_DIR}/include
+	-DVORBIS_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libvorbis.a
+	-DVORBISFILE_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libvorbisfile.a
+	-DVORBIS_INCLUDE_DIR=${DEPS_DIR}/include
+	-DZSTD_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libzstd.a
+	-DZSTD_INCLUDE_DIR=${DEPS_DIR}/include
+	-DGMP_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libgmp.a
+	-DGMP_INCLUDE_DIR=${DEPS_DIR}/include
+	-DJSON_LIBRARY=${DEPS_DIR}/lib/libjsoncpp.a
+	-DJSON_INCLUDE_DIR=${DEPS_DIR}/include
+	-DENABLE_LEVELDB=OFF
+	-DENABLE_POSTGRESQL=OFF
+	-DENABLE_REDIS=OFF
+	-DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS=-lbz2
+)
+if [ "$USE_XCODE" == "yes" ]; then
+	cmake_args+=(-GXcode)
+fi
+
+cmake .. "${cmake_args[@]}"
+
+if [ "$USE_XCODE" == "yes" ]; then
+	xcodebuild -project luanti.xcodeproj -scheme luanti -configuration Release build
+	xcodebuild -project luanti.xcodeproj -scheme luanti -archivePath ./luanti.xcarchive archive
+else
+	cmake --build . -j$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
+	make install
+fi
+
diff --git a/util/ci/build_xcode.sh b/util/ci/build_xcode.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 8d36b2815c..0000000000
--- a/util/ci/build_xcode.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash -e
-
-cmake .. \
-	-DCMAKE_FIND_FRAMEWORK=LAST \
-	-DRUN_IN_PLACE=FALSE -DENABLE_GETTEXT=TRUE \
-	-DUSE_SDL2_STATIC=TRUE \
-	-DSDL2_INCLUDE_DIRS=/opt/homebrew/include/SDL2 \
-	-DFREETYPE_LIBRARY=/opt/homebrew/lib/libfreetype.a \
-	-DGETTEXT_INCLUDE_DIR=/opt/homebrew/include \
-	-DGETTEXT_LIBRARY=/opt/homebrew/lib/libintl.a \
-	-DLUA_LIBRARY=/opt/homebrew/lib/libluajit-5.1.a \
-	-DOGG_LIBRARY=/opt/homebrew/lib/libogg.a \
-	-DVORBIS_LIBRARY=/opt/homebrew/lib/libvorbis.a \
-	-DVORBISFILE_LIBRARY=/opt/homebrew/lib/libvorbisfile.a \
-	-DZSTD_LIBRARY=/opt/homebrew/lib/libzstd.a \
-	-DGMP_LIBRARY=/opt/homebrew/lib/libgmp.a \
-	-DENABLE_SYSTEM_JSONCPP=OFF \
-	-DENABLE_LEVELDB=OFF \
-	-DENABLE_POSTGRESQL=OFF \
-	-DENABLE_REDIS=OFF \
-	-DJPEG_LIBRARY=/opt/homebrew/lib/libjpeg.a \
-	-DPNG_LIBRARY=/opt/homebrew/lib/libpng.a \
-	-DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS=-lbz2\
-	-GXcode
-xcodebuild -project luanti.xcodeproj -scheme luanti -configuration Release build
-xcodebuild -project luanti.xcodeproj -scheme luanti -archivePath ./luanti.xcarchive archive
diff --git a/util/ci/common.sh b/util/ci/common.sh
index bd653a2c82..899982965d 100644
--- a/util/ci/common.sh
+++ b/util/ci/common.sh
@@ -33,10 +33,9 @@ install_linux_deps() {
 }
 
 # macOS build only
-install_macos_deps() {
+install_macos_brew_deps() {
 	# Uninstall the bundled cmake, it is outdated, and brew does not want to install the newest version with this one present since they are from different taps.
 	brew uninstall cmake || :
-
 	local pkgs=(
 		cmake gettext freetype gmp jpeg-turbo jsoncpp leveldb
 		libogg libpng libvorbis luajit zstd sdl2
@@ -49,3 +48,24 @@ install_macos_deps() {
 	brew unlink $(brew ls --formula)
 	brew link "${pkgs[@]}"
 }
+
+install_macos_precompiled_deps() {
+	osver=$1
+	arch=$2
+
+	local pkgs=(
+		cmake wget
+	)
+	export HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALLED_DEPENDENTS_CHECK=1
+	export HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP=1
+	# contrary to how it may look --auto-update makes brew do *less*
+	brew update --auto-update
+	brew install --display-times "${pkgs[@]}"
+	brew unlink $(brew ls --formula)
+	brew link "${pkgs[@]}"
+
+	cd /Users/Shared
+	wget -O macos${osver}_${arch}_deps.tar.gz https://github.com/luanti-org/luanti_macos_deps/releases/download/latest/macos${osver}_${arch}_deps.tar.gz
+	tar -xf macos${osver}_${arch}_deps.tar.gz
+	cd ~
+}
diff --git a/util/ci/macos_sdk.sh b/util/ci/macos_sdk.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..d49f575d0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/ci/macos_sdk.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/bin/bash -e
+
+download_macos_archive() {
+	rm -f $1
+	wget -O $1 $2
+	checksum=$(shasum -a 256 $1 | cut -d " " -f 1)
+	if [[ "$checksum" != "$3" ]]; then
+		echo "Downloaded file $1 has unexpected checksum $checksum."
+		exit 1
+	fi
+}
+
+update_xcode_plist() {
+	plist=$1
+	minsdk=#2
+
+	cp $plist Info.plist
+	plutil -convert xml1 Info.plist
+	sed -i '' "/<key>MinimumSDKVersion<\/key>/{n;s/<string>.*<\/string>/<string>$minsdk<\/string>/;}" Info.plist
+	plutil -convert binary1 Info.plist
+	cp Info.plist $plist
+}
+
+install_macos_sdk() {
+	osver=$1
+	xcodever=$2
+	downdir=$3
+
+	dir=$(pwd)
+
+	# setup environment
+	xcodeapp="Xcode.app"
+	if [[ -n $xcodever ]]; then
+		xcodeapp="Xcode_$xcodever.app"
+	fi
+	sysroot="/Applications/$xcodeapp/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX${osver}.sdk"
+	if [ ! -d "$sysroot" ]; then
+		if [ ! -d "/Applications/$xcodeapp/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs" ]; then
+			echo "No location for install SDK found. Xcode is probably not installed. (sysroot = $sysroot)"
+			exit 1
+		fi
+		if [[ "$osver" == "11.3" ]]; then
+			download_macos_archive $downdir/SDK.tar.bz2 \
+					https://github.com/alexey-lysiuk/macos-sdk/releases/download/11.3/MacOSX11.3.tar.bz2 \
+					d6604578f4ee3090d1c3efce1e5c336ecfd7be345d046c729189d631ea3b8ec6
+			tar -xf $downdir/SDK.tar.bz2
+			mv MacOSX11.3.sdk $sysroot
+			update_xcode_plist "/Applications/$xcodeapp/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Info.plist" $osver
+		elif [[ "$osver" == "12.3" ]]; then
+			download_macos_archive $downdir/SDK.tar.bz2 \
+					https://github.com/alexey-lysiuk/macos-sdk/releases/download/12.3/MacOSX12.3.tar.xz \
+					91c03be5399be04d8f6b773da13045525e01298c1dfff273b4e1f1e904ee5484
+			tar -xf $downdir/SDK.tar.bz2
+			mv MacOSX12.3.sdk $sysroot
+			update_xcode_plist "/Applications/$xcodeapp/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Info.plist" $osver
+		elif [[ "$osver" == "13.3" ]]; then
+			download_macos_archive $downdir/SDK.tar.bz2 \
+					https://github.com/alexey-lysiuk/macos-sdk/releases/download/13.3/MacOSX13.3.tar.xz \
+					71ae3a78ab1be6c45cf52ce44cb29a3cc27ed312c9f7884ee88e303a862a1404
+			tar -xf $downdir/SDK.tar.bz2
+			mv MacOSX13.3.sdk $sysroot
+		elif [[ "$osver" == "14.5" ]]; then
+			download_macos_archive $downdir/SDK.tar.bz2 \
+					https://github.com/alexey-lysiuk/macos-sdk/releases/download/14.5/MacOSX14.5.tar.xz \
+					f6acc6209db9d56b67fcaf91ec1defe48722e9eb13dc21fb91cfeceb1489e57e
+			tar -xf $downdir/SDK.tar.bz2
+			mv MacOSX14.5.sdk $sysroot
+		else
+			echo "This SDK target is not supported. (osver = $osver)"
+			exit 1
+		fi
+		echo "SDK downloaded and added to Xcode."
+	else
+		echo "SDK found in Xcode. (sysroot = $sysroot)"
+	fi
+}