irrlicht/source/Irrlicht/CMeshManipulator.cpp

// Copyright (C) 2002-2012 Nikolaus Gebhardt
// This file is part of the "Irrlicht Engine".
// For conditions of distribution and use, see copyright notice in irrlicht.h

#include "CMeshManipulator.h"
#include "ISkinnedMesh.h"
#include "SMesh.h"
#include "CMeshBuffer.h"
#include "SAnimatedMesh.h"
#include "os.h"
#include "irrMap.h"
#include "triangle3d.h"

namespace irr
{
namespace scene
{

static inline core::vector3df getAngleWeight(const core::vector3df& v1,
		const core::vector3df& v2,
		const core::vector3df& v3)
{
	// Calculate this triangle's weight for each of its three vertices
	// start by calculating the lengths of its sides
	const f32 a = v2.getDistanceFromSQ(v3);
	const f32 asqrt = sqrtf(a);
	const f32 b = v1.getDistanceFromSQ(v3);
	const f32 bsqrt = sqrtf(b);
	const f32 c = v1.getDistanceFromSQ(v2);
	const f32 csqrt = sqrtf(c);

	// use them to find the angle at each vertex
	return core::vector3df(
		acosf((b + c - a) / (2.f * bsqrt * csqrt)),
		acosf((-b + c + a) / (2.f * asqrt * csqrt)),
		acosf((b - c + a) / (2.f * bsqrt * asqrt)));
}


//! Flips the direction of surfaces. Changes backfacing triangles to frontfacing
//! triangles and vice versa.
//! \param mesh: Mesh on which the operation is performed.
void CMeshManipulator::flipSurfaces(scene::IMesh* mesh) const
{
	if (!mesh)
		return;

	const u32 bcount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();
	for (u32 b=0; b<bcount; ++b)
	{
		IMeshBuffer* buffer = mesh->getMeshBuffer(b);
		const u32 idxcnt = buffer->getIndexCount();
		if (buffer->getIndexType() == video::EIT_16BIT)
		{
			u16* idx = buffer->getIndices();
			for (u32 i=0; i<idxcnt; i+=3)
			{
				const u16 tmp = idx[i+1];
				idx[i+1] = idx[i+2];
				idx[i+2] = tmp;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			u32* idx = reinterpret_cast<u32*>(buffer->getIndices());
			for (u32 i=0; i<idxcnt; i+=3)
			{
				const u32 tmp = idx[i+1];
				idx[i+1] = idx[i+2];
				idx[i+2] = tmp;
			}
		}
	}
}


namespace
{
template <typename T>
void recalculateNormalsT(IMeshBuffer* buffer, bool smooth, bool angleWeighted)
{
	const u32 vtxcnt = buffer->getVertexCount();
	const u32 idxcnt = buffer->getIndexCount();
	const T* idx = reinterpret_cast<T*>(buffer->getIndices());

	if (!smooth)
	{
		for (u32 i=0; i<idxcnt; i+=3)
		{
			const core::vector3df& v1 = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+0]);
			const core::vector3df& v2 = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+1]);
			const core::vector3df& v3 = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+2]);
			const core::vector3df normal = core::plane3d<f32>(v1, v2, v3).Normal;
			buffer->getNormal(idx[i+0]) = normal;
			buffer->getNormal(idx[i+1]) = normal;
			buffer->getNormal(idx[i+2]) = normal;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		u32 i;

		for ( i = 0; i!= vtxcnt; ++i )
			buffer->getNormal(i).set(0.f, 0.f, 0.f);

		for ( i=0; i<idxcnt; i+=3)
		{
			const core::vector3df& v1 = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+0]);
			const core::vector3df& v2 = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+1]);
			const core::vector3df& v3 = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+2]);
			const core::vector3df normal = core::plane3d<f32>(v1, v2, v3).Normal;

			core::vector3df weight(1.f,1.f,1.f);
			if (angleWeighted)
				weight = irr::scene::getAngleWeight(v1,v2,v3); // writing irr::scene:: necessary for borland

			buffer->getNormal(idx[i+0]) += weight.X*normal;
			buffer->getNormal(idx[i+1]) += weight.Y*normal;
			buffer->getNormal(idx[i+2]) += weight.Z*normal;
		}

		for ( i = 0; i!= vtxcnt; ++i )
			buffer->getNormal(i).normalize();
	}
}
}


//! Recalculates all normals of the mesh buffer.
/** \param buffer: Mesh buffer on which the operation is performed. */
void CMeshManipulator::recalculateNormals(IMeshBuffer* buffer, bool smooth, bool angleWeighted) const
{
	if (!buffer)
		return;

	if (buffer->getIndexType()==video::EIT_16BIT)
		recalculateNormalsT<u16>(buffer, smooth, angleWeighted);
	else
		recalculateNormalsT<u32>(buffer, smooth, angleWeighted);
}


//! Recalculates all normals of the mesh.
//! \param mesh: Mesh on which the operation is performed.
void CMeshManipulator::recalculateNormals(scene::IMesh* mesh, bool smooth, bool angleWeighted) const
{
	if (!mesh)
		return;

	if (mesh->getMeshType() == EAMT_SKINNED)
	{
		ISkinnedMesh *smesh = (ISkinnedMesh *) mesh;
		smesh->resetAnimation();
	}

	const u32 bcount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();
	for ( u32 b=0; b<bcount; ++b)
		recalculateNormals(mesh->getMeshBuffer(b), smooth, angleWeighted);

	if (mesh->getMeshType() == EAMT_SKINNED)
	{
		ISkinnedMesh *smesh = (ISkinnedMesh *) mesh;
		smesh->refreshJointCache();
	}
}


namespace
{
void calculateTangents(
	core::vector3df& normal,
	core::vector3df& tangent,
	core::vector3df& binormal,
	const core::vector3df& vt1, const core::vector3df& vt2, const core::vector3df& vt3, // vertices
	const core::vector2df& tc1, const core::vector2df& tc2, const core::vector2df& tc3) // texture coords
{
	// choose one of them:
	//#define USE_NVIDIA_GLH_VERSION // use version used by nvidia in glh headers
	#define USE_IRR_VERSION

#ifdef USE_IRR_VERSION

	core::vector3df v1 = vt1 - vt2;
	core::vector3df v2 = vt3 - vt1;
	normal = v2.crossProduct(v1);
	normal.normalize();

	// binormal

	f32 deltaX1 = tc1.X - tc2.X;
	f32 deltaX2 = tc3.X - tc1.X;
	binormal = (v1 * deltaX2) - (v2 * deltaX1);
	binormal.normalize();

	// tangent

	f32 deltaY1 = tc1.Y - tc2.Y;
	f32 deltaY2 = tc3.Y - tc1.Y;
	tangent = (v1 * deltaY2) - (v2 * deltaY1);
	tangent.normalize();

	// adjust

	core::vector3df txb = tangent.crossProduct(binormal);
	if (txb.dotProduct(normal) < 0.0f)
	{
		tangent *= -1.0f;
		binormal *= -1.0f;
	}

#endif // USE_IRR_VERSION

#ifdef USE_NVIDIA_GLH_VERSION

	tangent.set(0,0,0);
	binormal.set(0,0,0);

	core::vector3df v1(vt2.X - vt1.X, tc2.X - tc1.X, tc2.Y - tc1.Y);
	core::vector3df v2(vt3.X - vt1.X, tc3.X - tc1.X, tc3.Y - tc1.Y);

	core::vector3df txb = v1.crossProduct(v2);
	if ( !core::iszero ( txb.X ) )
	{
		tangent.X  = -txb.Y / txb.X;
		binormal.X = -txb.Z / txb.X;
	}

	v1.X = vt2.Y - vt1.Y;
	v2.X = vt3.Y - vt1.Y;
	txb = v1.crossProduct(v2);

	if ( !core::iszero ( txb.X ) )
	{
		tangent.Y  = -txb.Y / txb.X;
		binormal.Y = -txb.Z / txb.X;
	}

	v1.X = vt2.Z - vt1.Z;
	v2.X = vt3.Z - vt1.Z;
	txb = v1.crossProduct(v2);

	if ( !core::iszero ( txb.X ) )
	{
		tangent.Z  = -txb.Y / txb.X;
		binormal.Z = -txb.Z / txb.X;
	}

	tangent.normalize();
	binormal.normalize();

	normal = tangent.crossProduct(binormal);
	normal.normalize();

	binormal = tangent.crossProduct(normal);
	binormal.normalize();

	core::plane3d<f32> pl(vt1, vt2, vt3);

	if(normal.dotProduct(pl.Normal) < 0.0f )
		normal *= -1.0f;

#endif // USE_NVIDIA_GLH_VERSION
}


//! Recalculates tangents for a tangent mesh buffer
template <typename T>
void recalculateTangentsT(IMeshBuffer* buffer, bool recalculateNormals, bool smooth, bool angleWeighted)
{
	if (!buffer || (buffer->getVertexType()!= video::EVT_TANGENTS))
		return;

	const u32 vtxCnt = buffer->getVertexCount();
	const u32 idxCnt = buffer->getIndexCount();

	T* idx = reinterpret_cast<T*>(buffer->getIndices());
	video::S3DVertexTangents* v =
		(video::S3DVertexTangents*)buffer->getVertices();

	if (smooth)
	{
		u32 i;

		for ( i = 0; i!= vtxCnt; ++i )
		{
			if (recalculateNormals)
				v[i].Normal.set( 0.f, 0.f, 0.f );
			v[i].Tangent.set( 0.f, 0.f, 0.f );
			v[i].Binormal.set( 0.f, 0.f, 0.f );
		}

		//Each vertex gets the sum of the tangents and binormals from the faces around it
		for ( i=0; i<idxCnt; i+=3)
		{
			// if this triangle is degenerate, skip it!
			if (v[idx[i+0]].Pos == v[idx[i+1]].Pos ||
				v[idx[i+0]].Pos == v[idx[i+2]].Pos ||
				v[idx[i+1]].Pos == v[idx[i+2]].Pos
				/*||
				v[idx[i+0]].TCoords == v[idx[i+1]].TCoords ||
				v[idx[i+0]].TCoords == v[idx[i+2]].TCoords ||
				v[idx[i+1]].TCoords == v[idx[i+2]].TCoords */
				)
				continue;

			//Angle-weighted normals look better, but are slightly more CPU intensive to calculate
			core::vector3df weight(1.f,1.f,1.f);
			if (angleWeighted)
				weight = irr::scene::getAngleWeight(v[i+0].Pos,v[i+1].Pos,v[i+2].Pos);	// writing irr::scene:: necessary for borland
			core::vector3df localNormal;
			core::vector3df localTangent;
			core::vector3df localBinormal;

			calculateTangents(
				localNormal,
				localTangent,
				localBinormal,
				v[idx[i+0]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+1]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+2]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+0]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+1]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+2]].TCoords);

			if (recalculateNormals)
				v[idx[i+0]].Normal += localNormal * weight.X;
			v[idx[i+0]].Tangent += localTangent * weight.X;
			v[idx[i+0]].Binormal += localBinormal * weight.X;

			calculateTangents(
				localNormal,
				localTangent,
				localBinormal,
				v[idx[i+1]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+2]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+0]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+1]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+2]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+0]].TCoords);

			if (recalculateNormals)
				v[idx[i+1]].Normal += localNormal * weight.Y;
			v[idx[i+1]].Tangent += localTangent * weight.Y;
			v[idx[i+1]].Binormal += localBinormal * weight.Y;

			calculateTangents(
				localNormal,
				localTangent,
				localBinormal,
				v[idx[i+2]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+0]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+1]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+2]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+0]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+1]].TCoords);

			if (recalculateNormals)
				v[idx[i+2]].Normal += localNormal * weight.Z;
			v[idx[i+2]].Tangent += localTangent * weight.Z;
			v[idx[i+2]].Binormal += localBinormal * weight.Z;
		}

		// Normalize the tangents and binormals
		if (recalculateNormals)
		{
			for ( i = 0; i!= vtxCnt; ++i )
				v[i].Normal.normalize();
		}
		for ( i = 0; i!= vtxCnt; ++i )
		{
			v[i].Tangent.normalize();
			v[i].Binormal.normalize();
		}
	}
	else
	{
		core::vector3df localNormal;
		for (u32 i=0; i<idxCnt; i+=3)
		{
			calculateTangents(
				localNormal,
				v[idx[i+0]].Tangent,
				v[idx[i+0]].Binormal,
				v[idx[i+0]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+1]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+2]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+0]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+1]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+2]].TCoords);
			if (recalculateNormals)
				v[idx[i+0]].Normal=localNormal;

			calculateTangents(
				localNormal,
				v[idx[i+1]].Tangent,
				v[idx[i+1]].Binormal,
				v[idx[i+1]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+2]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+0]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+1]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+2]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+0]].TCoords);
			if (recalculateNormals)
				v[idx[i+1]].Normal=localNormal;

			calculateTangents(
				localNormal,
				v[idx[i+2]].Tangent,
				v[idx[i+2]].Binormal,
				v[idx[i+2]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+0]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+1]].Pos,
				v[idx[i+2]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+0]].TCoords,
				v[idx[i+1]].TCoords);
			if (recalculateNormals)
				v[idx[i+2]].Normal=localNormal;
		}
	}
}
}


//! Recalculates tangents for a tangent mesh buffer
void CMeshManipulator::recalculateTangents(IMeshBuffer* buffer, bool recalculateNormals, bool smooth, bool angleWeighted) const
{
	if (buffer && (buffer->getVertexType() == video::EVT_TANGENTS))
	{
		if (buffer->getIndexType() == video::EIT_16BIT)
			recalculateTangentsT<u16>(buffer, recalculateNormals, smooth, angleWeighted);
		else
			recalculateTangentsT<u32>(buffer, recalculateNormals, smooth, angleWeighted);
	}
}


//! Recalculates tangents for all tangent mesh buffers
void CMeshManipulator::recalculateTangents(IMesh* mesh, bool recalculateNormals, bool smooth, bool angleWeighted) const
{
	if (!mesh)
		return;

	const u32 meshBufferCount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();
	for (u32 b=0; b<meshBufferCount; ++b)
	{
		recalculateTangents(mesh->getMeshBuffer(b), recalculateNormals, smooth, angleWeighted);
	}
}


namespace
{
//! Creates a planar texture mapping on the meshbuffer
template<typename T>
void makePlanarTextureMappingT(scene::IMeshBuffer* buffer, f32 resolution)
{
	u32 idxcnt = buffer->getIndexCount();
	T* idx = reinterpret_cast<T*>(buffer->getIndices());

	for (u32 i=0; i<idxcnt; i+=3)
	{
		core::plane3df p(buffer->getPosition(idx[i+0]), buffer->getPosition(idx[i+1]), buffer->getPosition(idx[i+2]));
		p.Normal.X = fabsf(p.Normal.X);
		p.Normal.Y = fabsf(p.Normal.Y);
		p.Normal.Z = fabsf(p.Normal.Z);
		// calculate planar mapping worldspace coordinates

		if (p.Normal.X > p.Normal.Y && p.Normal.X > p.Normal.Z)
		{
			for (u32 o=0; o!=3; ++o)
			{
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).X = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).Y * resolution;
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).Y = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).Z * resolution;
			}
		}
		else
		if (p.Normal.Y > p.Normal.X && p.Normal.Y > p.Normal.Z)
		{
			for (u32 o=0; o!=3; ++o)
			{
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).X = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).X * resolution;
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).Y = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).Z * resolution;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			for (u32 o=0; o!=3; ++o)
			{
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).X = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).X * resolution;
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).Y = buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).Y * resolution;
			}
		}
	}
}
}


//! Creates a planar texture mapping on the meshbuffer
void CMeshManipulator::makePlanarTextureMapping(scene::IMeshBuffer* buffer, f32 resolution) const
{
	if (!buffer)
		return;

	if (buffer->getIndexType()==video::EIT_16BIT)
		makePlanarTextureMappingT<u16>(buffer, resolution);
	else
		makePlanarTextureMappingT<u32>(buffer, resolution);
}


//! Creates a planar texture mapping on the mesh
void CMeshManipulator::makePlanarTextureMapping(scene::IMesh* mesh, f32 resolution) const
{
	if (!mesh)
		return;

	const u32 bcount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();
	for ( u32 b=0; b<bcount; ++b)
	{
		makePlanarTextureMapping(mesh->getMeshBuffer(b), resolution);
	}
}


namespace
{
//! Creates a planar texture mapping on the meshbuffer
template <typename T>
void makePlanarTextureMappingT(scene::IMeshBuffer* buffer, f32 resolutionS, f32 resolutionT, u8 axis, const core::vector3df& offset)
{
	u32 idxcnt = buffer->getIndexCount();
	T* idx = reinterpret_cast<T*>(buffer->getIndices());

	for (u32 i=0; i<idxcnt; i+=3)
	{
		// calculate planar mapping worldspace coordinates
		if (axis==0)
		{
			for (u32 o=0; o!=3; ++o)
			{
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).X = 0.5f+(buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).Z + offset.Z) * resolutionS;
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).Y = 0.5f-(buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).Y + offset.Y) * resolutionT;
			}
		}
		else if (axis==1)
		{
			for (u32 o=0; o!=3; ++o)
			{
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).X = 0.5f+(buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).X + offset.X) * resolutionS;
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).Y = 1.f-(buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).Z + offset.Z) * resolutionT;
			}
		}
		else if (axis==2)
		{
			for (u32 o=0; o!=3; ++o)
			{
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).X = 0.5f+(buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).X + offset.X) * resolutionS;
				buffer->getTCoords(idx[i+o]).Y = 0.5f-(buffer->getPosition(idx[i+o]).Y + offset.Y) * resolutionT;
			}
		}
	}
}
}


//! Creates a planar texture mapping on the meshbuffer
void CMeshManipulator::makePlanarTextureMapping(scene::IMeshBuffer* buffer, f32 resolutionS, f32 resolutionT, u8 axis, const core::vector3df& offset) const
{
	if (!buffer)
		return;

	if (buffer->getIndexType()==video::EIT_16BIT)
		makePlanarTextureMappingT<u16>(buffer, resolutionS, resolutionT, axis, offset);
	else
		makePlanarTextureMappingT<u32>(buffer, resolutionS, resolutionT, axis, offset);
}


//! Creates a planar texture mapping on the mesh
void CMeshManipulator::makePlanarTextureMapping(scene::IMesh* mesh, f32 resolutionS, f32 resolutionT, u8 axis, const core::vector3df& offset) const
{
	if (!mesh)
		return;

	const u32 bcount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();
	for ( u32 b=0; b<bcount; ++b)
	{
		makePlanarTextureMapping(mesh->getMeshBuffer(b), resolutionS, resolutionT, axis, offset);
	}
}


//! Clones a static IMesh into a modifyable SMesh.
// not yet 32bit
SMesh* CMeshManipulator::createMeshCopy(scene::IMesh* mesh) const
{
	if (!mesh)
		return 0;

	SMesh* clone = new SMesh();

	const u32 meshBufferCount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();

	for ( u32 b=0; b<meshBufferCount; ++b)
	{
		const IMeshBuffer* const mb = mesh->getMeshBuffer(b);
		switch(mb->getVertexType())
		{
		case video::EVT_STANDARD:
			{
				SMeshBuffer* buffer = new SMeshBuffer();
				buffer->Material = mb->getMaterial();
				const u32 vcount = mb->getVertexCount();
				buffer->Vertices.reallocate(vcount);
				video::S3DVertex* vertices = (video::S3DVertex*)mb->getVertices();
				for (u32 i=0; i < vcount; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back(vertices[i]);
				const u32 icount = mb->getIndexCount();
				buffer->Indices.reallocate(icount);
				const u16* indices = mb->getIndices();
				for (u32 i=0; i < icount; ++i)
					buffer->Indices.push_back(indices[i]);
				clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
				buffer->drop();
			}
			break;
		case video::EVT_2TCOORDS:
			{
				SMeshBufferLightMap* buffer = new SMeshBufferLightMap();
				buffer->Material = mb->getMaterial();
				const u32 vcount = mb->getVertexCount();
				buffer->Vertices.reallocate(vcount);
				video::S3DVertex2TCoords* vertices = (video::S3DVertex2TCoords*)mb->getVertices();
				for (u32 i=0; i < vcount; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back(vertices[i]);
				const u32 icount = mb->getIndexCount();
				buffer->Indices.reallocate(icount);
				const u16* indices = mb->getIndices();
				for (u32 i=0; i < icount; ++i)
					buffer->Indices.push_back(indices[i]);
				clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
				buffer->drop();
			}
			break;
		case video::EVT_TANGENTS:
			{
				SMeshBufferTangents* buffer = new SMeshBufferTangents();
				buffer->Material = mb->getMaterial();
				const u32 vcount = mb->getVertexCount();
				buffer->Vertices.reallocate(vcount);
				video::S3DVertexTangents* vertices = (video::S3DVertexTangents*)mb->getVertices();
				for (u32 i=0; i < vcount; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back(vertices[i]);
				const u32 icount = mb->getIndexCount();
				buffer->Indices.reallocate(icount);
				const u16* indices = mb->getIndices();
				for (u32 i=0; i < icount; ++i)
					buffer->Indices.push_back(indices[i]);
				clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
				buffer->drop();
			}
			break;
		}// end switch

	}// end for all mesh buffers

	clone->BoundingBox = mesh->getBoundingBox();
	return clone;
}


//! Creates a copy of the mesh, which will only consist of unique primitives
// not yet 32bit
IMesh* CMeshManipulator::createMeshUniquePrimitives(IMesh* mesh) const
{
	if (!mesh)
		return 0;

	SMesh* clone = new SMesh();

	const u32 meshBufferCount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();

	for ( u32 b=0; b<meshBufferCount; ++b)
	{
		const IMeshBuffer* const mb = mesh->getMeshBuffer(b);
		const s32 idxCnt = mb->getIndexCount();
		const u16* idx = mb->getIndices();

		switch(mb->getVertexType())
		{
		case video::EVT_STANDARD:
			{
				SMeshBuffer* buffer = new SMeshBuffer();
				buffer->Material = mb->getMaterial();

				video::S3DVertex* v =
					(video::S3DVertex*)mb->getVertices();

				buffer->Vertices.reallocate(idxCnt);
				buffer->Indices.reallocate(idxCnt);
				for (s32 i=0; i<idxCnt; i += 3)
				{
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( v[idx[i + 0 ]] );
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( v[idx[i + 1 ]] );
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( v[idx[i + 2 ]] );

					buffer->Indices.push_back( i + 0 );
					buffer->Indices.push_back( i + 1 );
					buffer->Indices.push_back( i + 2 );
				}

				buffer->setBoundingBox(mb->getBoundingBox());
				clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
				buffer->drop();
			}
			break;
		case video::EVT_2TCOORDS:
			{
				SMeshBufferLightMap* buffer = new SMeshBufferLightMap();
				buffer->Material = mb->getMaterial();

				video::S3DVertex2TCoords* v =
					(video::S3DVertex2TCoords*)mb->getVertices();

				buffer->Vertices.reallocate(idxCnt);
				buffer->Indices.reallocate(idxCnt);
				for (s32 i=0; i<idxCnt; i += 3)
				{
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( v[idx[i + 0 ]] );
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( v[idx[i + 1 ]] );
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( v[idx[i + 2 ]] );

					buffer->Indices.push_back( i + 0 );
					buffer->Indices.push_back( i + 1 );
					buffer->Indices.push_back( i + 2 );
				}
				buffer->setBoundingBox(mb->getBoundingBox());
				clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
				buffer->drop();
			}
			break;
		case video::EVT_TANGENTS:
			{
				SMeshBufferTangents* buffer = new SMeshBufferTangents();
				buffer->Material = mb->getMaterial();

				video::S3DVertexTangents* v =
					(video::S3DVertexTangents*)mb->getVertices();

				buffer->Vertices.reallocate(idxCnt);
				buffer->Indices.reallocate(idxCnt);
				for (s32 i=0; i<idxCnt; i += 3)
				{
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( v[idx[i + 0 ]] );
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( v[idx[i + 1 ]] );
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( v[idx[i + 2 ]] );

					buffer->Indices.push_back( i + 0 );
					buffer->Indices.push_back( i + 1 );
					buffer->Indices.push_back( i + 2 );
				}

				buffer->setBoundingBox(mb->getBoundingBox());
				clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
				buffer->drop();
			}
			break;
		}// end switch

	}// end for all mesh buffers

	clone->BoundingBox = mesh->getBoundingBox();
	return clone;
}


//! Creates a copy of a mesh, which will have identical vertices welded together
// not yet 32bit
IMesh* CMeshManipulator::createMeshWelded(IMesh *mesh, f32 tolerance) const
{
	SMesh* clone = new SMesh();
	clone->BoundingBox = mesh->getBoundingBox();

	core::array<u16> redirects;

	for (u32 b=0; b<mesh->getMeshBufferCount(); ++b)
	{
		const IMeshBuffer* const mb = mesh->getMeshBuffer(b);
		// reset redirect list
		redirects.set_used(mb->getVertexCount());

		const u16* indices = 0;
		u32 indexCount = 0;
		core::array<u16>* outIdx = 0;

		switch(mb->getVertexType())
		{
		case video::EVT_STANDARD:
		{
			SMeshBuffer* buffer = new SMeshBuffer();
			buffer->BoundingBox = mb->getBoundingBox();
			buffer->Material = mb->getMaterial();
			clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
			buffer->drop();

			video::S3DVertex* v =
					(video::S3DVertex*)mb->getVertices();

			u32 vertexCount = mb->getVertexCount();

			indices = mb->getIndices();
			indexCount = mb->getIndexCount();
			outIdx = &buffer->Indices;

			buffer->Vertices.reallocate(vertexCount);

			for (u32 i=0; i < vertexCount; ++i)
			{
				bool found = false;
				for (u32 j=0; j < i; ++j)
				{
					if ( v[i].Pos.equals( v[j].Pos, tolerance) &&
						 v[i].Normal.equals( v[j].Normal, tolerance) &&
						 v[i].TCoords.equals( v[j].TCoords ) &&
						(v[i].Color == v[j].Color) )
					{
						redirects[i] = redirects[j];
						found = true;
						break;
					}
				}
				if (!found)
				{
					redirects[i] = buffer->Vertices.size();
					buffer->Vertices.push_back(v[i]);
				}
			}

			break;
		}
		case video::EVT_2TCOORDS:
		{
			SMeshBufferLightMap* buffer = new SMeshBufferLightMap();
			buffer->BoundingBox = mb->getBoundingBox();
			buffer->Material = mb->getMaterial();
			clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
			buffer->drop();

			video::S3DVertex2TCoords* v =
					(video::S3DVertex2TCoords*)mb->getVertices();

			u32 vertexCount = mb->getVertexCount();

			indices = mb->getIndices();
			indexCount = mb->getIndexCount();
			outIdx = &buffer->Indices;

			buffer->Vertices.reallocate(vertexCount);

			for (u32 i=0; i < vertexCount; ++i)
			{
				bool found = false;
				for (u32 j=0; j < i; ++j)
				{
					if ( v[i].Pos.equals( v[j].Pos, tolerance) &&
						 v[i].Normal.equals( v[j].Normal, tolerance) &&
						 v[i].TCoords.equals( v[j].TCoords ) &&
						 v[i].TCoords2.equals( v[j].TCoords2 ) &&
						(v[i].Color == v[j].Color) )
					{
						redirects[i] = redirects[j];
						found = true;
						break;
					}
				}
				if (!found)
				{
					redirects[i] = buffer->Vertices.size();
					buffer->Vertices.push_back(v[i]);
				}
			}
			break;
		}
		case video::EVT_TANGENTS:
		{
			SMeshBufferTangents* buffer = new SMeshBufferTangents();
			buffer->BoundingBox = mb->getBoundingBox();
			buffer->Material = mb->getMaterial();
			clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
			buffer->drop();

			video::S3DVertexTangents* v =
					(video::S3DVertexTangents*)mb->getVertices();

			u32 vertexCount = mb->getVertexCount();

			indices = mb->getIndices();
			indexCount = mb->getIndexCount();
			outIdx = &buffer->Indices;

			buffer->Vertices.reallocate(vertexCount);

			for (u32 i=0; i < vertexCount; ++i)
			{
				bool found = false;
				for (u32 j=0; j < i; ++j)
				{
					if ( v[i].Pos.equals( v[j].Pos, tolerance) &&
						 v[i].Normal.equals( v[j].Normal, tolerance) &&
						 v[i].TCoords.equals( v[j].TCoords ) &&
						 v[i].Tangent.equals( v[j].Tangent, tolerance ) &&
						 v[i].Binormal.equals( v[j].Binormal, tolerance ) &&
						(v[i].Color == v[j].Color) )
					{
						redirects[i] = redirects[j];
						found = true;
						break;
					}
				}
				if (!found)
				{
					redirects[i] = buffer->Vertices.size();
					buffer->Vertices.push_back(v[i]);
				}
			}
			break;
		}
		default:
			os::Printer::log("Cannot create welded mesh, vertex type unsupported", ELL_ERROR);
			break;
		}

		// Clean up any degenerate tris
 		core::array<u16> &Indices = *outIdx;
		Indices.clear();
		Indices.reallocate(indexCount);
		for (u32 i = 0; i < indexCount; i+=3)
 		{
			u16 a, b, c;
			a = redirects[indices[i]];
			b = redirects[indices[i+1]];
			c = redirects[indices[i+2]];

			bool drop = false;

			if (a == b || b == c || a == c)
				drop = true;

			// Open for other checks

			if (!drop)
			{
				Indices.push_back(a);
				Indices.push_back(b);
				Indices.push_back(c);
			}
		}
	}
	return clone;
}


//! Creates a copy of the mesh, which will only consist of S3DVertexTangents vertices.
// not yet 32bit
IMesh* CMeshManipulator::createMeshWithTangents(IMesh* mesh, bool recalculateNormals, bool smooth, bool angleWeighted, bool calculateTangents) const
{
	using namespace video;

	if (!mesh)
		return 0;

	// copy mesh and fill data into SMeshBufferTangents
	SMesh* clone = new SMesh();
	const u32 meshBufferCount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();

	for (u32 b=0; b<meshBufferCount; ++b)
	{
		const IMeshBuffer* const original = mesh->getMeshBuffer(b);
		SMeshBufferTangents* buffer = new SMeshBufferTangents();

		// copy material
		buffer->Material = original->getMaterial();

		// copy indices
		const u32 idxCnt = original->getIndexCount();
		const u16* indices = original->getIndices();
		buffer->Indices.reallocate(idxCnt);
		for (u32 i=0; i < idxCnt; ++i)
			buffer->Indices.push_back(indices[i]);

		// copy vertices
		const u32 vtxCnt = original->getVertexCount();
		buffer->Vertices.reallocate(vtxCnt);

		const E_VERTEX_TYPE vType = original->getVertexType();
		switch(vType)
		{
		case video::EVT_STANDARD:
			{
				const S3DVertex* v = (const S3DVertex*)original->getVertices();

				for (u32 i=0; i < vtxCnt; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( S3DVertexTangents(
						v[i].Pos, v[i].Normal, v[i].Color, v[i].TCoords) );
			}
			break;
		case video::EVT_2TCOORDS:
			{
				const S3DVertex2TCoords* v =(const S3DVertex2TCoords*)original->getVertices();

				for (u32 i=0; i < vtxCnt; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( S3DVertexTangents(
						v[i].Pos, v[i].Normal, v[i].Color, v[i].TCoords) );
			}
			break;
		case video::EVT_TANGENTS:
			{
				const S3DVertexTangents* v =(const S3DVertexTangents*)original->getVertices();

				for (u32 i=0; i < vtxCnt; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back(v[i]);
			}
			break;
		}
		buffer->recalculateBoundingBox();

		// add new buffer
		clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
		buffer->drop();
	}

	clone->recalculateBoundingBox();
	if (calculateTangents)
		recalculateTangents(clone, recalculateNormals, smooth, angleWeighted);

	return clone;
}

namespace
{

struct height_edge
{
	u32 far;

	u32 polycount;
	u32 polys[2];
	core::vector3df normal[2];
};

enum
{
	HEIGHT_TRIACCEL_MAX = 1024
};

}

//! Optimizes the mesh using an algorithm tuned for heightmaps.
void CMeshManipulator::heightmapOptimizeMesh(IMesh * const m, const f32 tolerance) const
{
	const u32 max = m->getMeshBufferCount();

	for (u32 i = 0; i < max; i++)
	{
		IMeshBuffer * const mb = m->getMeshBuffer(i);

		heightmapOptimizeMesh(mb, tolerance);
	}
}

//! Optimizes the mesh using an algorithm tuned for heightmaps.
void CMeshManipulator::heightmapOptimizeMesh(IMeshBuffer * const mb, const f32 tolerance) const
{
	using namespace core;
	using namespace video;

	array<height_edge> edges;

	const u32 idxs = mb->getIndexCount();
	const u32 verts = mb->getVertexCount();

	u16 *ind = mb->getIndices();
	S3DVertex *vert = (S3DVertex *) mb->getVertices();

	// First an acceleration structure: given this vert, which triangles touch it?
	// Using this drops two exponents off the algorightm complexity, O(n^4) > O(n^2)
	// Other optimizations brought it down to O(n).
	u32 **accel = (u32 **) malloc(verts * sizeof(u32 *));
	for (u32 i = 0; i < verts; i++)
	{
		accel[i] = (u32 *) calloc(HEIGHT_TRIACCEL_MAX, sizeof(u32));
		for (u32 j = 0; j < HEIGHT_TRIACCEL_MAX; j++)
		{
			accel[i][j] = USHRT_MAX;
		}
	}

	u16 *cur = (u16 *) calloc(verts, sizeof(u16));
	for (u32 j = 0; j < idxs; j+=3)
	{
		u32 v = ind[j];

		if (cur[v] >= HEIGHT_TRIACCEL_MAX)
		{
			os::Printer::log("Too complex mesh to optimize, aborting.");
			goto donehere;
		}

		accel[v][cur[v]] = j;
		cur[v]++;

		// Unrolled tri loop, parts 2 and 3
		v = ind[j+1];

		if (cur[v] >= HEIGHT_TRIACCEL_MAX)
		{
			os::Printer::log("Too complex mesh to optimize, aborting.");
			goto donehere;
		}

		accel[v][cur[v]] = j;
		cur[v]++;

		v = ind[j+2];

		if (cur[v] >= HEIGHT_TRIACCEL_MAX)
		{
			os::Printer::log("Too complex mesh to optimize, aborting.");
			goto donehere;
		}

		accel[v][cur[v]] = j;
		cur[v]++;
	}
	free(cur);

	// Built, go
	for (u32 i = 0; i < verts; i++)
	{
		const vector3df &mypos = vert[i].Pos;

		// find all edges of this vert
		edges.clear();

		bool gotonext = false;
		u32 j;
		u16 cur;
		for (cur = 0; accel[i][cur] != USHRT_MAX && cur < HEIGHT_TRIACCEL_MAX; cur++)
		{
			j = accel[i][cur];

			u32 far1 = -1, far2 = -1;
			if (ind[j] == i)
			{
				far1 = ind[j+1];
				far2 = ind[j+2];
			}
			else if (ind[j+1] == i)
			{
				far1 = ind[j];
				far2 = ind[j+2];
			}
			else if (ind[j+2] == i)
			{
				far1 = ind[j];
				far2 = ind[j+1];
			}

			// Skip degenerate tris
			if (vert[i].Pos == vert[far1].Pos ||
				vert[far1].Pos == vert[far2].Pos)
			{
//				puts("skipping degenerate tri");
				continue;
			}

			// Edges found, check if we already added them
			const u32 ecount = edges.size();
			bool far1new = true, far2new = true;

			for (u32 e = 0; e < ecount; e++)
			{
				if (edges[e].far == far1 ||
					edges[e].far == far2)
				{

					// Skip if over 2 polys
					if (edges[e].polycount > 2)
					{
						gotonext = true;
						goto almostnext;
					}
					edges[e].polys[edges[e].polycount] = j;
					edges[e].normal[edges[e].polycount] =
						vert[i].Normal;
					edges[e].polycount++;

					if (edges[e].far == far1)
						far1new = false;
					else
						far2new = false;
				}
			}

			if (far1new)
			{
				// New edge
				height_edge ed;

				ed.far = far1;
				ed.polycount = 1;
				ed.polys[0] = j;
				ed.normal[0] = vert[i].Normal;

				edges.push_back(ed);
			}
			if (far2new)
			{
				// New edge
				height_edge ed;

				ed.far = far2;
				ed.polycount = 1;
				ed.polys[0] = j;
				ed.normal[0] = vert[i].Normal;

				edges.push_back(ed);
			}
		}

		almostnext:
		if (gotonext)
			continue;

		// Edges found. Possible to simplify?

		const u32 ecount = edges.size();
//		printf("Vert %u has %u edges\n", i, ecount);
		for (u32 e = 0; e < ecount; e++)
		{
			for (u32 f = 0; f < ecount; f++)
			{
				if (f == e) continue;

				vector3df one = mypos - vert[edges[e].far].Pos;
				vector3df two = vert[edges[f].far].Pos - mypos;

				one.normalize();
				two.normalize();

				// Straight line ?
				if (!one.equals(two, tolerance) || one.getLengthSQ() < 0.5f)
					continue;

				// All other edges must have two polys
				for (u32 g = 0; g < ecount; g++)
				{
					if (g == e || g == f)
						continue;

					if (edges[g].polycount != 2)
					{
//						printf("%u: polycount not 2 (%u)\n",
//							g, edges[g].polycount);
						goto testnext;
					}

					// Normals must match
					if (!edges[g].normal[0].equals(edges[g].normal[1],
						tolerance))
					{
//						puts("Normals don't match");
						goto testnext;
					}

					// Normals must not flip
					for (u32 z = 0; z < edges[g].polycount; z++)
					{
						bool flat = false;
						vector3df pos[3];
						pos[0] =
							vert[ind[edges[g].polys[z]]].Pos;
						pos[1] =
							vert[ind[edges[g].polys[z] + 1]].Pos;
						pos[2] =
							vert[ind[edges[g].polys[z] + 2]].Pos;

						for (u32 y = 0; y < 3; y++)
						{
							if (edges[g].polys[z] + y == i)
							{
								pos[y] = vert[edges[e].far].Pos;
							}
							else if (edges[g].polys[z] + y
								== edges[e].far)
							{
								flat = true;
								break;
							}
						}
						if (!flat)
						{
							triangle3df temp(pos[0],
								pos[1], pos[2]);
							vector3df N = temp.getNormal();
							N.normalize();
//							if (N.getLengthSQ() < 0.5f)
//								puts("empty");

							if (!N.equals(edges[g].normal[z], tolerance))
							{
//								puts("wouldflip");
								goto testnext;
							}
						}
					}

					// Must not be on model edge
					if (edges[g].polycount == 1)
					{
						goto testnext;
					}

				}

				// Must not be on model edge
				if (edges[e].polycount == 1)
				{
					goto testnext;
				}

				// OK, moving to welding position
				vert[i] = vert[edges[e].far];
//				printf("Contracted vert %u to %u\n",
//					i, edges[e].far);
			}
		}


		testnext:;
	}

donehere:
	for (u32 i = 0; i < verts; i++)
	{
		free(accel[i]);
	}
	free(accel);
}

//! Creates a copy of the mesh, which will only consist of S3DVertex2TCoords vertices.
// not yet 32bit
IMesh* CMeshManipulator::createMeshWith2TCoords(IMesh* mesh) const
{
	using namespace video;

	if (!mesh)
		return 0;

	// copy mesh and fill data into SMeshBufferLightMap

	SMesh* clone = new SMesh();
	const u32 meshBufferCount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();

	for (u32 b=0; b<meshBufferCount; ++b)
	{
		const IMeshBuffer* const original = mesh->getMeshBuffer(b);
		SMeshBufferLightMap* buffer = new SMeshBufferLightMap();

		// copy material
		buffer->Material = original->getMaterial();

		// copy indices
		const u32 idxCnt = original->getIndexCount();
		const u16* indices = original->getIndices();
		buffer->Indices.reallocate(idxCnt);
		for (u32 i=0; i < idxCnt; ++i)
			buffer->Indices.push_back(indices[i]);

		// copy vertices
		const u32 vtxCnt = original->getVertexCount();
		buffer->Vertices.reallocate(vtxCnt);

		const video::E_VERTEX_TYPE vType = original->getVertexType();
		switch(vType)
		{
		case video::EVT_STANDARD:
			{
				const S3DVertex* v = (const S3DVertex*)original->getVertices();

				for (u32 i=0; i < vtxCnt; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( video::S3DVertex2TCoords(
						v[i].Pos, v[i].Normal, v[i].Color, v[i].TCoords, v[i].TCoords));
			}
			break;
		case video::EVT_2TCOORDS:
			{
				const S3DVertex2TCoords* v =(const S3DVertex2TCoords*)original->getVertices();
				for (u32 i=0; i < vtxCnt; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back(v[i]);
			}
			break;
		case video::EVT_TANGENTS:
			{
				const S3DVertexTangents* v =(const S3DVertexTangents*)original->getVertices();

				for (u32 i=0; i < vtxCnt; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( S3DVertex2TCoords(
						v[i].Pos, v[i].Normal, v[i].Color, v[i].TCoords, v[i].TCoords) );
			}
			break;
		}
		buffer->recalculateBoundingBox();

		// add new buffer
		clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
		buffer->drop();
	}

	clone->recalculateBoundingBox();
	return clone;
}


//! Creates a copy of the mesh, which will only consist of S3DVertex vertices.
// not yet 32bit
IMesh* CMeshManipulator::createMeshWith1TCoords(IMesh* mesh) const
{
	using namespace video;

	if (!mesh)
		return 0;

	// copy mesh and fill data into SMeshBuffer
	SMesh* clone = new SMesh();
	const u32 meshBufferCount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();

	for (u32 b=0; b<meshBufferCount; ++b)
	{
		const IMeshBuffer* const original = mesh->getMeshBuffer(b);
		SMeshBuffer* buffer = new SMeshBuffer();

		// copy material
		buffer->Material = original->getMaterial();

		// copy indices
		const u32 idxCnt = original->getIndexCount();
		const u16* indices = original->getIndices();
		buffer->Indices.reallocate(idxCnt);
		for (u32 i=0; i < idxCnt; ++i)
			buffer->Indices.push_back(indices[i]);

		// copy vertices
		const u32 vtxCnt = original->getVertexCount();
		buffer->Vertices.reallocate(vtxCnt);

		const video::E_VERTEX_TYPE vType = original->getVertexType();
		switch(vType)
		{
		case video::EVT_STANDARD:
			{
				const S3DVertex* v = (const S3DVertex*)original->getVertices();

				for (u32 i=0; i < vtxCnt; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( v[i] );
			}
			break;
		case video::EVT_2TCOORDS:
			{
				const S3DVertex2TCoords* v =(const S3DVertex2TCoords*)original->getVertices();

				for (u32 i=0; i < vtxCnt; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( S3DVertex(
						v[i].Pos, v[i].Normal, v[i].Color, v[i].TCoords) );
			}
			break;
		case video::EVT_TANGENTS:
			{
				const S3DVertexTangents* v =(const S3DVertexTangents*)original->getVertices();

				for (u32 i=0; i < vtxCnt; ++i)
					buffer->Vertices.push_back( S3DVertex(
						v[i].Pos, v[i].Normal, v[i].Color, v[i].TCoords) );
			}
			break;
		}

		buffer->recalculateBoundingBox();
		// add new buffer
		clone->addMeshBuffer(buffer);
		buffer->drop();
	}

	clone->recalculateBoundingBox();
	return clone;
}


//! Returns amount of polygons in mesh.
s32 CMeshManipulator::getPolyCount(scene::IMesh* mesh) const
{
	if (!mesh)
		return 0;

	s32 trianglecount = 0;

	for (u32 g=0; g<mesh->getMeshBufferCount(); ++g)
		trianglecount += mesh->getMeshBuffer(g)->getIndexCount() / 3;

	return trianglecount;
}


//! Returns amount of polygons in mesh.
s32 CMeshManipulator::getPolyCount(scene::IAnimatedMesh* mesh) const
{
	if (mesh && mesh->getFrameCount() != 0)
		return getPolyCount(mesh->getMesh(0));

	return 0;
}


//! create a new AnimatedMesh and adds the mesh to it
IAnimatedMesh * CMeshManipulator::createAnimatedMesh(scene::IMesh* mesh, scene::E_ANIMATED_MESH_TYPE type) const
{
	return new SAnimatedMesh(mesh, type);
}

namespace
{

struct vcache
{
	core::array<u32> tris;
	float score;
	s16 cachepos;
	u16 NumActiveTris;
};

struct tcache
{
	u16 ind[3];
	float score;
	bool drawn;
};

const u16 cachesize = 32;

float FindVertexScore(vcache *v)
{
	const float CacheDecayPower = 1.5f;
	const float LastTriScore = 0.75f;
	const float ValenceBoostScale = 2.0f;
	const float ValenceBoostPower = 0.5f;
	const float MaxSizeVertexCache = 32.0f;

	if (v->NumActiveTris == 0)
	{
		// No tri needs this vertex!
		return -1.0f;
	}

	float Score = 0.0f;
	int CachePosition = v->cachepos;
	if (CachePosition < 0)
	{
		// Vertex is not in FIFO cache - no score.
	}
	else
	{
		if (CachePosition < 3)
		{
			// This vertex was used in the last triangle,
			// so it has a fixed score.
			Score = LastTriScore;
		}
		else
		{
			// Points for being high in the cache.
			const float Scaler = 1.0f / (MaxSizeVertexCache - 3);
			Score = 1.0f - (CachePosition - 3) * Scaler;
			Score = powf(Score, CacheDecayPower);
		}
	}

	// Bonus points for having a low number of tris still to
	// use the vert, so we get rid of lone verts quickly.
	float ValenceBoost = powf(v->NumActiveTris,
				-ValenceBoostPower);
	Score += ValenceBoostScale * ValenceBoost;

	return Score;
}

/*
	A specialized LRU cache for the Forsyth algorithm.
*/

class f_lru
{

public:
	f_lru(vcache *v, tcache *t): vc(v), tc(t)
	{
		for (u16 i = 0; i < cachesize; i++)
		{
			cache[i] = -1;
		}
	}

	// Adds this vertex index and returns the highest-scoring triangle index
	u32 add(u16 vert, bool updatetris = false)
	{
		bool found = false;

		// Mark existing pos as empty
		for (u16 i = 0; i < cachesize; i++)
		{
			if (cache[i] == vert)
			{
				// Move everything down
				for (u16 j = i; j; j--)
				{
					cache[j] = cache[j - 1];
				}

				found = true;
				break;
			}
		}

		if (!found)
		{
			if (cache[cachesize-1] != -1)
				vc[cache[cachesize-1]].cachepos = -1;

			// Move everything down
			for (u16 i = cachesize - 1; i; i--)
			{
				cache[i] = cache[i - 1];
			}
		}

		cache[0] = vert;

		u32 highest = 0;
		float hiscore = 0;

		if (updatetris)
		{
			// Update cache positions
			for (u16 i = 0; i < cachesize; i++)
			{
				if (cache[i] == -1)
					break;

				vc[cache[i]].cachepos = i;
				vc[cache[i]].score = FindVertexScore(&vc[cache[i]]);
			}

			// Update triangle scores
			for (u16 i = 0; i < cachesize; i++)
			{
				if (cache[i] == -1)
					break;

				const u16 trisize = vc[cache[i]].tris.size();
				for (u16 t = 0; t < trisize; t++)
				{
					tcache *tri = &tc[vc[cache[i]].tris[t]];

					tri->score =
						vc[tri->ind[0]].score +
						vc[tri->ind[1]].score +
						vc[tri->ind[2]].score;

					if (tri->score > hiscore)
					{
						hiscore = tri->score;
						highest = vc[cache[i]].tris[t];
					}
				}
			}
		}

		return highest;
	}

private:
	s32 cache[cachesize];
	vcache *vc;
	tcache *tc;
};

} // end anonymous namespace

/**
Vertex cache optimization according to the Forsyth paper:
http://home.comcast.net/~tom_forsyth/papers/fast_vert_cache_opt.html

The function is thread-safe (read: you can optimize several meshes in different threads)

\param mesh Source mesh for the operation.  */
IMesh* CMeshManipulator::createForsythOptimizedMesh(const IMesh *mesh) const
{
	if (!mesh)
		return 0;

	SMesh *newmesh = new SMesh();
	newmesh->BoundingBox = mesh->getBoundingBox();

	const u32 mbcount = mesh->getMeshBufferCount();

	for (u32 b = 0; b < mbcount; ++b)
	{
		const IMeshBuffer *mb = mesh->getMeshBuffer(b);

		if (mb->getIndexType() != video::EIT_16BIT)
		{
			os::Printer::log("Cannot optimize a mesh with 32bit indices", ELL_ERROR);
			newmesh->drop();
			return 0;
		}

		const u32 icount = mb->getIndexCount();
		const u32 tcount = icount / 3;
		const u32 vcount = mb->getVertexCount();
		const u16 *ind = mb->getIndices();

		vcache *vc = new vcache[vcount];
		tcache *tc = new tcache[tcount];

		f_lru lru(vc, tc);

		// init
		for (u16 i = 0; i < vcount; i++)
		{
			vc[i].score = 0;
			vc[i].cachepos = -1;
			vc[i].NumActiveTris = 0;
		}

		// First pass: count how many times a vert is used
		for (u32 i = 0; i < icount; i += 3)
		{
			vc[ind[i]].NumActiveTris++;
			vc[ind[i + 1]].NumActiveTris++;
			vc[ind[i + 2]].NumActiveTris++;

			const u32 tri_ind = i/3;
			tc[tri_ind].ind[0] = ind[i];
			tc[tri_ind].ind[1] = ind[i + 1];
			tc[tri_ind].ind[2] = ind[i + 2];
		}

		// Second pass: list of each triangle
		for (u32 i = 0; i < tcount; i++)
		{
			vc[tc[i].ind[0]].tris.push_back(i);
			vc[tc[i].ind[1]].tris.push_back(i);
			vc[tc[i].ind[2]].tris.push_back(i);

			tc[i].drawn = false;
		}

		// Give initial scores
		for (u16 i = 0; i < vcount; i++)
		{
			vc[i].score = FindVertexScore(&vc[i]);
		}
		for (u32 i = 0; i < tcount; i++)
		{
			tc[i].score =
					vc[tc[i].ind[0]].score +
					vc[tc[i].ind[1]].score +
					vc[tc[i].ind[2]].score;
		}

		switch(mb->getVertexType())
		{
			case video::EVT_STANDARD:
			{
				video::S3DVertex *v = (video::S3DVertex *) mb->getVertices();

				SMeshBuffer *buf = new SMeshBuffer();
				buf->Material = mb->getMaterial();

				buf->Vertices.reallocate(vcount);
				buf->Indices.reallocate(icount);

				core::map<const video::S3DVertex, const u16> sind; // search index for fast operation
				typedef core::map<const video::S3DVertex, const u16>::Node snode;

				// Main algorithm
				u32 highest = 0;
				u32 drawcalls = 0;
				for (;;)
				{
					if (tc[highest].drawn)
					{
						bool found = false;
						float hiscore = 0;
						for (u32 t = 0; t < tcount; t++)
						{
							if (!tc[t].drawn)
							{
								if (tc[t].score > hiscore)
								{
									highest = t;
									hiscore = tc[t].score;
									found = true;
								}
							}
						}
						if (!found)
							break;
					}

					// Output the best triangle
					u16 newind = buf->Vertices.size();

					snode *s = sind.find(v[tc[highest].ind[0]]);

					if (!s)
					{
						buf->Vertices.push_back(v[tc[highest].ind[0]]);
						buf->Indices.push_back(newind);
						sind.insert(v[tc[highest].ind[0]], newind);
						newind++;
					}
					else
					{
						buf->Indices.push_back(s->getValue());
					}

					s = sind.find(v[tc[highest].ind[1]]);

					if (!s)
					{
						buf->Vertices.push_back(v[tc[highest].ind[1]]);
						buf->Indices.push_back(newind);
						sind.insert(v[tc[highest].ind[1]], newind);
						newind++;
					}
					else
					{
						buf->Indices.push_back(s->getValue());
					}

					s = sind.find(v[tc[highest].ind[2]]);

					if (!s)
					{
						buf->Vertices.push_back(v[tc[highest].ind[2]]);
						buf->Indices.push_back(newind);
						sind.insert(v[tc[highest].ind[2]], newind);
					}
					else
					{
						buf->Indices.push_back(s->getValue());
					}

					vc[tc[highest].ind[0]].NumActiveTris--;
					vc[tc[highest].ind[1]].NumActiveTris--;
					vc[tc[highest].ind[2]].NumActiveTris--;

					tc[highest].drawn = true;

					for (u16 j = 0; j < 3; j++)
					{
						vcache *vert = &vc[tc[highest].ind[j]];
						for (u16 t = 0; t < vert->tris.size(); t++)
						{
							if (highest == vert->tris[t])
							{
								vert->tris.erase(t);
								break;
							}
						}
					}

					lru.add(tc[highest].ind[0]);
					lru.add(tc[highest].ind[1]);
					highest = lru.add(tc[highest].ind[2], true);
					drawcalls++;
				}

				buf->setBoundingBox(mb->getBoundingBox());
				newmesh->addMeshBuffer(buf);
				buf->drop();
			}
			break;
			case video::EVT_2TCOORDS:
			{
				video::S3DVertex2TCoords *v = (video::S3DVertex2TCoords *) mb->getVertices();

				SMeshBufferLightMap *buf = new SMeshBufferLightMap();
				buf->Material = mb->getMaterial();

				buf->Vertices.reallocate(vcount);
				buf->Indices.reallocate(icount);

				core::map<const video::S3DVertex2TCoords, const u16> sind; // search index for fast operation
				typedef core::map<const video::S3DVertex2TCoords, const u16>::Node snode;

				// Main algorithm
				u32 highest = 0;
				u32 drawcalls = 0;
				for (;;)
				{
					if (tc[highest].drawn)
					{
						bool found = false;
						float hiscore = 0;
						for (u32 t = 0; t < tcount; t++)
						{
							if (!tc[t].drawn)
							{
								if (tc[t].score > hiscore)
								{
									highest = t;
									hiscore = tc[t].score;
									found = true;
								}
							}
						}
						if (!found)
							break;
					}

					// Output the best triangle
					u16 newind = buf->Vertices.size();

					snode *s = sind.find(v[tc[highest].ind[0]]);

					if (!s)
					{
						buf->Vertices.push_back(v[tc[highest].ind[0]]);
						buf->Indices.push_back(newind);
						sind.insert(v[tc[highest].ind[0]], newind);
						newind++;
					}
					else
					{
						buf->Indices.push_back(s->getValue());
					}

					s = sind.find(v[tc[highest].ind[1]]);

					if (!s)
					{
						buf->Vertices.push_back(v[tc[highest].ind[1]]);
						buf->Indices.push_back(newind);
						sind.insert(v[tc[highest].ind[1]], newind);
						newind++;
					}
					else
					{
						buf->Indices.push_back(s->getValue());
					}

					s = sind.find(v[tc[highest].ind[2]]);

					if (!s)
					{
						buf->Vertices.push_back(v[tc[highest].ind[2]]);
						buf->Indices.push_back(newind);
						sind.insert(v[tc[highest].ind[2]], newind);
					}
					else
					{
						buf->Indices.push_back(s->getValue());
					}

					vc[tc[highest].ind[0]].NumActiveTris--;
					vc[tc[highest].ind[1]].NumActiveTris--;
					vc[tc[highest].ind[2]].NumActiveTris--;

					tc[highest].drawn = true;

					for (u16 j = 0; j < 3; j++)
					{
						vcache *vert = &vc[tc[highest].ind[j]];
						for (u16 t = 0; t < vert->tris.size(); t++)
						{
							if (highest == vert->tris[t])
							{
								vert->tris.erase(t);
								break;
							}
						}
					}

					lru.add(tc[highest].ind[0]);
					lru.add(tc[highest].ind[1]);
					highest = lru.add(tc[highest].ind[2]);
					drawcalls++;
				}

				buf->setBoundingBox(mb->getBoundingBox());
				newmesh->addMeshBuffer(buf);
				buf->drop();

			}
			break;
			case video::EVT_TANGENTS:
			{
				video::S3DVertexTangents *v = (video::S3DVertexTangents *) mb->getVertices();

				SMeshBufferTangents *buf = new SMeshBufferTangents();
				buf->Material = mb->getMaterial();

				buf->Vertices.reallocate(vcount);
				buf->Indices.reallocate(icount);

				core::map<const video::S3DVertexTangents, const u16> sind; // search index for fast operation
				typedef core::map<const video::S3DVertexTangents, const u16>::Node snode;

				// Main algorithm
				u32 highest = 0;
				u32 drawcalls = 0;
				for (;;)
				{
					if (tc[highest].drawn)
					{
						bool found = false;
						float hiscore = 0;
						for (u32 t = 0; t < tcount; t++)
						{
							if (!tc[t].drawn)
							{
								if (tc[t].score > hiscore)
								{
									highest = t;
									hiscore = tc[t].score;
									found = true;
								}
							}
						}
						if (!found)
							break;
					}

					// Output the best triangle
					u16 newind = buf->Vertices.size();

					snode *s = sind.find(v[tc[highest].ind[0]]);

					if (!s)
					{
						buf->Vertices.push_back(v[tc[highest].ind[0]]);
						buf->Indices.push_back(newind);
						sind.insert(v[tc[highest].ind[0]], newind);
						newind++;
					}
					else
					{
						buf->Indices.push_back(s->getValue());
					}

					s = sind.find(v[tc[highest].ind[1]]);

					if (!s)
					{
						buf->Vertices.push_back(v[tc[highest].ind[1]]);
						buf->Indices.push_back(newind);
						sind.insert(v[tc[highest].ind[1]], newind);
						newind++;
					}
					else
					{
						buf->Indices.push_back(s->getValue());
					}

					s = sind.find(v[tc[highest].ind[2]]);

					if (!s)
					{
						buf->Vertices.push_back(v[tc[highest].ind[2]]);
						buf->Indices.push_back(newind);
						sind.insert(v[tc[highest].ind[2]], newind);
					}
					else
					{
						buf->Indices.push_back(s->getValue());
					}

					vc[tc[highest].ind[0]].NumActiveTris--;
					vc[tc[highest].ind[1]].NumActiveTris--;
					vc[tc[highest].ind[2]].NumActiveTris--;

					tc[highest].drawn = true;

					for (u16 j = 0; j < 3; j++)
					{
						vcache *vert = &vc[tc[highest].ind[j]];
						for (u16 t = 0; t < vert->tris.size(); t++)
						{
							if (highest == vert->tris[t])
							{
								vert->tris.erase(t);
								break;
							}
						}
					}

					lru.add(tc[highest].ind[0]);
					lru.add(tc[highest].ind[1]);
					highest = lru.add(tc[highest].ind[2]);
					drawcalls++;
				}

				buf->setBoundingBox(mb->getBoundingBox());
				newmesh->addMeshBuffer(buf);
				buf->drop();
			}
			break;
		}

		delete [] vc;
		delete [] tc;

	} // for each meshbuffer

	return newmesh;
}

} // end namespace scene
} // end namespace irr